Newfoundland Travels-Northwest Newfoundland
Newfoundland Travels-Northwest Newfoundland
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Home Page > Travel > Destinations > Newfoundland Travels-Northwest Newfoundland
Newfoundland Travels-Northwest Newfoundland
Posted: May 05, 2009 |Comments: 0
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Newfoundland Travels-Northwest Newfoundland
By: John Pelley
About the Author
John and Maggie Pelley are Geriatric Gypsies. Both of us are retired from the rat race of working. We are full-time RVers, who ran away from home. We began our travels on the East Coast and, like the migrating birds, seek the warmth of the seasons. No more shoveling snow in Chicago. We have discovered volunteering with the National Park System. During our travels we have found that each town has a story to tell: some are more interesting than others. Both of us enjoy good listening music as we go. John has a CD he has recorded of Native American flure music. We have learned that RVing has a learning curve. We want to pass on some advice the help others avoid this trecherous curve. Life is an adventure. We are living it to the utmost.
(ArticlesBase SC #901916)
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Newfoundland Travels-Northwest Newfoundland
Northwest Newfoundland is a penisula starting at Gros Morne Naitonal Park in the South to L’Anse aux Meadows on the Noth end. This as one area not to be missed.
Today we traveled to Gros Morne National Park. Our first stop, however, was at the Newfoundland Insectarium outside of Deer Lake. They have a tropical butterfly garden and exhibits of many worldwide insects. Some of them are huge. But the most dangerous ones to man seem to be the smaller ones, like the mosquito.
Off to Gros Morne. We camped at Lomond River Campground, just outside the park. For $16.00 CA, we received full hookup. The campgrounds in the park charge $29.00 per night for no services. That is pretty steep. Took the walking trail along the Lomond River, a salmon river. The salmon were not running, but the scenery was outstanding.
Thursday, August 21, 2003
Off we went hiking today on one of the many trails in the park. We chose the Green Garden Trail. There are two versions: the long one and the short one. Of course we chose the short one, only nine kilometers in length. We avoided the long hill of the one trail. But we did not miss the one going down to the shore. What goes down must go up, etc. The views were spectacular. The garden is known for its sea stacks and sea caves when the tide has ebbed. The hills are a challenge, but WOW! Neither words nor pictures can do justice for the variety of beauty. Once again the weather was perfect. Rain will be coming, however.
Friday, August 22, 2003
This morning it rained. By the afternoon the rain stopped and we were able to hike the Tableland Trail. The Tablelands is an interesting phenomenon in Gros Morne. Millions of years ago, when the Appalachian Mountains were formed by a collision of the African Continent and the North American Continent, the Tablelands were the upheaval of the ocean floor. What were left are deposits of heavy metals, such as nickel, iron, manganese, etc., which do not support much life. The rare plant life is found where there is coursing water down the sides of the mountains.. The Provincial plant of Newfoundland, the pitcher plant, grows in abundance. It does not need nutrients from the soil. It receives its nourishment from insects drawn to their death inside the interior of the plant—Yum, Yum!! Audrey II, where are you? Visually, the area looks like someone stripped mined the region and left slag hills as a reminded. This time, however, man is not responsible. The tops of the mountains are relatively flat; thus giving the name of The Tablelands. Across the road is the Green Gardens trail, which is comparatively lush in growth. That trail we took yesterday.
From the Tablelands we drove to Trout Lake, once a fjord. A delta formed and enclosed the fjord, making it an inland lake. Here the Tablelands rise to the left, while verdant cliffs ascend to the right. The contrast of geological landscapes is stunning. Neither pictures nor words can adequately describe the beauty.
On the way back home, we stopped at the Discovery Center, which explains many of the unique features of this world renowned park. The exhibits were done with a sense of humor, to take some of the stuffiness out of unpronounceable geological names and eras in the world’s development.
Saturday, August 23, 2003
Another overcast day. We wanted to take the fjord trip on Western Brook Pond. A pond is the Newfoundland name for a lake. WB Pond was once an open fjord filled with salt water. Over the years the mouth filled with debris and the only water in it is fresh from snow melt and from rains. The water is almost pure, sustaining very little life. That means that there is very few fish, little plant life and bacterial life. After parking we have to walk almost one hour to the boat ramp through a variety of coastal ecosystems: peat bogs, marshes, boreal forests, etc. Once we arrived at the wharf with the other 120 tourists, we were greeted with a downpour. Welcome to the fjords. A fjord is literally a finger carved out of the mountains by glacial flow thousands of years in the making.. The walls of the mountains rise from almost 500 feet in the water to over 2500 feet into the sky. Combined with the erosion from the water and the air, these monuments of grandeur are in constant change. Rockfalls can occur any time,and do.
The boat takes us through the entire length of the fjord, about 16 miles. The clouds, mists, fog, sun and occasional downpour play with our senses as we travel the canyons.
After two and a half hours we return to the wharf for the hike back. Everyone was a buzz with the experience of the trip.
We headed North out of the park and wisely stopped at Parson’s Pond overlooking the Bay of St. Lawrence. Almost immediately came a sea squall with rains and winds buffeting our trailer. We were happy to have shelter. When the rain ended we were rewarded with a beautiful sunset and afterglow, the best one we’ve had since Sarasota, FL. We also learned here that the earth is truly round. With our GPS in hand we tried to point our satellite dish at 22 degrees. Even though we were fifty feet up on a cliff, we were unable to get a signal. To all the members of the Flat Earth Society: “You are wrong”.
Sunday, August 24, 2003
Started our trek on the Northern Peninsula. Our first stop was the Arches, a natural phenomenon of four arches carved into one rock. Further along is Daniel’s Harbour, the home of Myra Bennett, the Florence Nightingale of the North. She ministered up and down the coast as the only medical practitioner around, delivering over 700 babies, setting bones, performing surgeries, and tending to the general health care of the population. The town was in the news yesterday, having the funeral of the modern doctor who had allegedly killed her baby and then herself.
Port au Choix is a National Historic Site, having been the home to the Atlantic Maritime, Dorset Indians and numerous other tribes. Each left records in the earth of their habitation of the area. All along the coast are small towns, whose main occupations were fishing or sealing. Today the government has banned cod fishing, and has put monthly limits on halibut, turbot, lobster, crab and other sea food. From the number of lobster traps seen along the highway, the lobster business must be very good in the area. On the opposite side of the road are the Long Range Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountain Range. The scenery is stunning.
Saw Labrador across the Strait of Belle Isle. We made reservations for the ferry from Cartwright to Goose Bay for Friday evening. We have a few days to spend on the peninsula. The road took us across the peninsula near the northern tip. Here the land is marsh and bog, the home of the highest concentration of moose and caribou on the island. We spent the night along the road near a quarry. So far no moose or caribou. Perhaps they are afraid of Morgana. We did see a bald eagle flying along the coast: a first for us.
All along the road in the bog areas the locals have planted their vegetable gardens, usually of potatoes, turnips, onions, cabbage, etc.-all of the ingredients for a genuine ‘jigs dinner’. Their plots are twenty by twenty and larger. Some are miles from the nearest towns. There is no poaching of another’s garden, except by the moose and caribou.
Monday, August 25, 2003
Drove to L’Anse aux Meadows (Anse is an Old French term for Cove) , an UNESCO World Heritage Site. The site was discovered by Drs. Helge and Stine Ingstad who had been searching for the Viking settlement known as Vinland in the New World. From the Norse sagas and maps drawn they knew that the Vikings had come to the area about 1,000 AD. They traveled the route taken and recorded by the Viking sagas and stopped at the isolated villages asking if there were any ruins in the area. When they came to L’Anse aux Meadows after hundreds of disappointments, fisherman George Decker brought them to some ruins in the grazing fields. The origins were still unknown. It could have been from paleoeskimo times or other Aboriginal Tribes. With permission they uncovered Viking ruins c. 1000 AD. They found an iron smelter, the first one in North America, with the remains of leftover slag. With the help of the National Geographic Society, they uncovered eight buildings, including dwellings, workshops, smithy and furnace. They have come to believe that a group of 70-90 people settled here as a jumping off point for further exploration South. They are led to believe that Leif Eiriksson even spent some time in the settlement, where ships were repaired and sailors were given a safe haven. The site is directly on the Labrador Current, which extends from Greenland and passes by Labrador and Newfoundland. From the site you can see the shore of Labrador about twenty miles distance. Also found were chips of European Pine, used for ship building and a bronze pin to hold their garments together. No one knows why the area was abandoned. Inuit legend says that they warred with strange men and drove them away. Also on the premises is a modern reconstruction of an Iron Age Viking village. Because of safety reasons more ventilation is provided and the fire is propane. The rest of the building is pretty authentic, judging from my memory of visiting similar structures years ago in Europe.
On the way out of the parking lot, we encountered our first moose: three bulls and one cow. They were at the side of the road, the males laying down chewing their cud, while the female was standing over them. After a while she gave up on them and sauntered off into the forested area. In a month the scene will change and the males will not be so contented. It will be rutting season and they will be vying against each other for the amorous attentions of the cow. Right now they are acting like couch potatoes, munching on their snacks and watching the tourists.
Our next stop was the Black Tickle Ecomuseum of berries. Here local berries are made into jams and other delicacies. These berries include such exotic names as bake apple, squash, partridge, crow, blue, black, cracker, etc. The visitor can view the process of making the products through glass windows and then sample some of the products for sale.
Our next step is the Burnt Cape Ecological Reserve. Guided tours are given by the staff at Pistolet Provincial Park twice daily. We were too late for them and went on our own. The area looks like a barren rock with patches of green interspersed. In these green areas are over three hundred different varieties of plants, at least thirty are extremely rare and some are only found at this site. What makes this place so unique is the weather patterns. The area is about one hundred feet above the shore. The winds and waves have carved out sea caves and other interesting oddities. These same winds, frequent rain and constant fluctuations between hot hand cold make this area a unique ecosystem. Many of the flowers are no larger than a pin head. You have to be careful of where you walk lest you crush one of them. There are trails which you can follow to other parts of the reserve. They are very narrow and the drop-off to the sea is usually fatal. Took the tail a way, but then saw storm clouds quickly rising in the West. Seeing that trail would be very slippery when wet, I did not want to have a swim in the cold waters. So I headed back to safety.
Our final stop was St. Anthony to pick up necessary provisions. This is the home of Dr. Wilfred Grenfell, a medical missionary, who helped develop the area and minister to the needs of the settlers about 100 years ago.
Tuesday, August 26, 2003
More rain and wind today with temperatures in the 40s F. We are happy we did our sightseeing yesterday. We made the decision to drive to the ferry in St. Barbe and go over to Labrador. We arrived at the ticket office in plenty of time for the 13:00 crossing, but were told that it was dangerous goods only. We reserved a spot of the 18:00 crossing. Mags was very interested in the departure of the ferry boat, with the bow of the ship closing like a shark’s mouth. So for the next five hours we did an Otis Redding (Sitting on the Dock of the Bay), had lunch and read, while the wind howled around us.
At 17:30 we were the first to board the ship and had a nose position in stern-the ferry opens at both ends for easy moving of cars and trucks. The crossing took only 1 ½ hours, fighting the high winds and the Labrador Current. Many passengers were using the little white bags. The Apollo is quite a dowager, in need of some TLC. She has staterooms, a sit-down restaurant, and cafeteria, play area for the kids, lounge and a few recliners. The latter were hard to get. Since we were one of the first ones on board, we were lucky. They broadcast the news on a television right in front of us. Because of the headwinds we arrived a little behind schedule at Blanc Sablon, PQ. Mags was delighted again, because she saw the boat opening up from the inside this time.(She amuses easily.) First off the boat, we found a perfect parking spot on a hill overlooking Blanc Sablon on one side and L’Anse-au-Clair, NF on the other: A Tale of Two Cities and Provinces.
For our efforts of the day, we were rewarded with a beautiful sunset and afterglow starring all the colors of the spectrum.
Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/destinations-articles/newfoundland-travelsnorthwest-newfoundland-901916.html”
(ArticlesBase SC #901916)
John Pelley -
About the Author:
John and Maggie Pelley are Geriatric Gypsies. Both of us are retired from the rat race of working. We are full-time RVers, who ran away from home. We began our travels on the East Coast and, like the migrating birds, seek the warmth of the seasons. No more shoveling snow in Chicago. We have discovered volunteering with the National Park System. During our travels we have found that each town has a story to tell: some are more interesting than others. Both of us enjoy good listening music as we go. John has a CD he has recorded of Native American flure music. We have learned that RVing has a learning curve. We want to pass on some advice the help others avoid this trecherous curve. Life is an adventure. We are living it to the utmost.
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northwest nf, gros morne np, lanse aux meadows nf, insectarium, lomond river campground, green garden trail, the tablelands, trout lake nf, western brook pond, parsons pond nf, the arche nf, daniels harbour nf, myra bennett, port au choix nf, strait of belle isle
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Get The Most Out Of Your Vacation And On A Budget
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Home Page > Travel > Travel Tips > Get The Most Out Of Your Vacation And On A Budget
Get The Most Out Of Your Vacation And On A Budget
Posted: Jan 10, 2010 |Comments: 0
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Get The Most Out Of Your Vacation And On A Budget
By: Cjmd80
About the Author
A nerdy but fun guy who like to share his views on random topics around the world with anybody who will listen in a light and thought provoking way. Catch up on my rants through my blog http://theworldinwhichwelivein5.blogspot.com/
(ArticlesBase SC #1696366)
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Get The Most Out Of Your Vacation And On A Budget
You’ve worked hard all year round and counted down the months, weeks, days till your vacation time and only to discover that your financial situation is not as prosperous as it was twelve months ago. Unexpected commitments whether it be financial, family, or career wise have made that dream of leaving the world behind for at least a week or two no longer a reality. But it doesn’t have to be all doom and gloom and if you are budget conscious then you just need to think outside the square a little.
Airline carriers are in such competition for your business these days that they offer some outrageously cheap airfares BUT, you just have to know where to look to land that bargain. Travel agents are becoming a thing of the past and people are opting more and more to search for airfare deals online with convenient sites that search multiple carriers at once. But are you really getting the best bargain by limiting yourself just to this? No. There are two things you will want to do to find that really great deal. The first is to sign up to receive newsletters or special offers from the carriers website directly. Often they announce special sales this way and that is not fed through to the “All-In-One” sites. Secondly, social networking has exploded and companies recognize the value of this as a great marketing tool. So if you are a Twitter or Facebook user, start following the carriers that leave your local airport as they regularly announce very cheap deals through these outlets and only to those who are following them.
Turn to alcohol. Okay I am not encouraging people to drink beyond moderation here but something you may not have thought of is where some of the best produce you have tried actually comes from (wines, cheese’, beers etc). Why not research where the best vineyards in your state or surrounding state is and go taste testing for the weekend. Do you actually know how many stars you can see when your away from the big smoke and as an added bonus, think of the cultural terms you will pick up to impress your friends.
Travel like its the 1980′s all over. Yes I mean ROADTRIP. Pack up the car for the weekend and start driving anywhere only stopping in at B and B’s or overnight parks and motels or campgrounds to sleep the night. I remember when caravan parks were king and they need not be expensive with hotels at less then capacity due to the global financial crisis and operating at considerably low occupancies. Not only will you have a great time but you will help the economy by ensuring another business does not go bankrupt.
Check out the coastlines or country side depending on your time of year. I know a house on a beach down south from where I live that is secluded and easily could have you thinking your laying on a tropical beach on an island in the middle of nowhere or a country house overlooking a range that will have you thinking your somewhere in Europe.
Book yourself into a hotel for the weekend where you live. Find somewhere that has a pampered style package where you get an amazing room, can have a massage, a spa treatment, and just totally unwind without having to pay for the airfares and transport if you had of left your state. Turn off the phone. Leave the laptop at home. And vanish for a few days with in-house movies and room service.
Explore your own backyard. Pretend you just arrived in your own city and have no idea what to do. Create an itinerary for yourself and go do the ‘touristy’ things that others do when they arrive in your hometown. You might have looked at that harbor cruise, trail, or tall building that is iconic to where you live 1000 times but never actually checked it out. Why not explore and see why foreigners find it so fascinating.
Last but not least, get back to nature. Our lives are full of chaos, stress, television, bad food and drink. Why not go camping in the wilderness for a few days. Breath fresh air and sleep by an open fire. Cook smores or catch fish for dinner. And leave all your troubles behind you.
You worked hard for the short amount of vacation time you are able to get. Make sure you get the most out of it and happy budget travelling.
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(ArticlesBase SC #1696366)
Cjmd80 -
About the Author:
A nerdy but fun guy who like to share his views on random topics around the world with anybody who will listen in a light and thought provoking way. Catch up on my rants through my blog http://theworldinwhichwelivein5.blogspot.com/
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Holiday Packages in India is one of the most sought after tour options, with which tourist can find deserts, mountains, rivers, sea beaches and many others.
By:
Sneha Sharmal
Travel>
Travel Tipsl
Nov 27, 2010
Private label and white label website
The international tours market is newly emerging with effective measures of product distribution. In this regards interesting marketing methods have come up with more attractive ways of promoting website. Private label and white label websites are thus gaining popularity day by day.
By:
Travelmastil
Travel>
Travel Tipsl
Nov 27, 2010
Majestic palaces in Rajasthan, amazing and impressing deserts in Rajasthan, forested hills and serene lakes , full of life towns and calm villages, incredible flora and fauna and the lively, welcoming and vivacious people of Rajasthan shape up an elaborate drapery of spirituality, splendor and rural part.
By:
tonisteavel
Travel>
Travel Tipsl
Nov 27, 2010
India is a land of various colors. If you are planning for a vacation then India has it all. India travel will make you view from snow covered mountains of Himalayas to the Thar Desert.
By:
tonisteavel
Travel>
Travel Tipsl
Nov 27, 2010
Kerala- God’s Own country. Kerala India travel has some of the attractive hill stations in India with the entire Western Ghats dotted with greenery, rolling grasslands, shoals and streathes of rejuvenating fragrance of tea and coffee plantation.
By:
tonisteavel
Travel>
Travel Tipsl
Nov 27, 2010
India Honeymoon – India Tour Packages
India is the land of one of the oldest civilizations. Scattered with wealthy kingdom India has been dreamland for people since ages. India is considered as vast canvass in vivid and myriad shades waiting to be explored by you.
By:
tonisteavel
Travel>
Travel Tipsl
Nov 27, 2010
India is a holy place, a territory where the faith and thoughts have reached their refining points. Travel to India is extremely exceptional as India has an incredibly wealthy and self-motivating culture that allures every tourist who comes to India.
By:
tonisteavel
Travel>
Travel Tipsl
Nov 27, 2010
Get The Most Out Of Your Vacation And On A Budget
Do you feel a little down and out because you can’t afford to go on that overseas vacation like the neighbors or your friends? Do you fear you will spend another vacation at home being bored and doing nothing because money is a little tight? Maybe it’s time to think outside the square a little.
By:
Cjmd80l
Travel>
Travel Tipsl
Jan 10, 2010
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Categories: 1000 Islands Camping Tags: budget, Most, Vacation
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Home Page > Travel > Tanzania Safari Lodges
Tanzania Safari Lodges
Posted: Feb 16, 2010 |Comments: 0
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Tanzania Safari Lodges
By: Gen Wright
About the Author
Design your own Tanzania Safari to suit your interests and budget. Specialists for Selous, Ruaha, Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Kilimanjaro and cultural safaris. Climb Kilimanjaro . Specialists for Kilimanjaro and Meru Treks, Kilimanjaro by all routes: Marangu, Machame, Lemosho, Rongai, Shira, Umbwe.
(ArticlesBase SC #1865906)
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Tanzania Safari Lodges
While spending time inside the lodge may not seem to be a significant part of your Tanzania safari, it is nonetheless necessary to have a good place to sleep for the night. These lodges can either be booked directly, or through travel agencies, and prices are quoted in US dollars, per person per night.
Safari lodge rates usually include every expense – park fees, game viewing, and 3 meals. Beach accommodation typically includes only breakfast and lunch rates. At the height of the safari season, prices rise astronomically, so visiting Tanzania just before or after the peak season may prove highly beneficial to your pocket. However, wildlife enthusiasts should make sure that they do not miss events such as the migration of the wildebeest and zebras.
Lodges are available in the Serengeti, the Ngorongoro crater, the Tarangire National Park, Lake Manyara National Park, Selous Game Reserve, Ruaha National Park, Mahale, Katavi, Indian Ocean mainland, Zanzibar Stone Town, Zanzibar Beach, as well as other islands.
In most of the National Parks, prices range from $600 to $1500, with a large number in the $900-$1000 bracket. The Selous has some cheaper options for around $400 per person per night, for example the tents around Lake Manze, left deliberately without electricity. Kiba Point, on the other hand, is a private use only lodge in the Selous, that can be rented for $7405 a night – excellent for large groups.
On a general note, beach accommodation – for example in Zanzibar – is extremely cheap, coming in between $150 and $300 per person per night. The next in price is a riverside lodge, which will be about twice as expensive as beach accommodation. Accommodation in the wildlife and game resorts are the most expensive of them all, and with obvious reason.
The cheaper accommodation options are semi luxury tents with en-suite bathrooms and often verandas, furnished with native African decor and surrounded by the beauty of the Serengeti itself. Stone and thatch cottages are slightly more expensive than the tents, but may contribute to an imaginary security in the vicinity of wild animals. The protection of the rangers and watchmen is much more likely to play an important role in protecting visitors from wild animals than the material the tents are made out of.
Some luxury camps even include honeymoon suites, for couples who definitely want to go off the beaten track for their honeymoon vacation. Staying at a luxury lodge will give travelers the interesting experience of being part of nature in the daytime, and returning to the familiar urban-ness of city life to retire at night. Semi-luxury lodges, on the other hand, blend in much better with the wild grandeur of the surroundings.
Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/travel-articles/tanzania-safari-lodges-1865906.html”
(ArticlesBase SC #1865906)
Gen Wright -
About the Author:
Design your own Tanzania Safari to suit your interests and budget. Specialists for Selous, Ruaha, Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Kilimanjaro and cultural safaris. Climb Kilimanjaro . Specialists for Kilimanjaro and Meru Treks, Kilimanjaro by all routes: Marangu, Machame, Lemosho, Rongai, Shira, Umbwe.
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while spending time inside the lodge may not seem to be a significant part of your tanzania safari, it is nonetheless necessary to have a good place to sleep for the night these lodges can either be booked directly, or through travel agencies, and prices
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Design your own Tanzania Safari to suit your interests and budget. Specialists for Selous, Ruaha, Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Kilimanjaro and cultural safaris. Climb Kilimanjaro . Specialists for Kilimanjaro and Meru Treks, Kilimanjaro by all routes: Marangu, Machame, Lemosho, Rongai, Shira, Umbwe.
Categories: 1000 Islands Camping Tags: Lodges, Safari, Tanzania
Antioch is a city in Situated Contra Costa County
Antioch is a city in Situated Contra Costa County
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Antioch is a city in Situated Contra Costa County
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Antioch is a city in Situated Contra Costa County
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We are a full service plumbing company. We services the enitre East Bay. Are plumbing service areas include Antioch Ca. Walnut Creek Ca. Moraga Ca. and Surrounding areas. We Thank you for taking the time to review are Articles.
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Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Antioch is a city in Situated Contra Costa County
Situated in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Region together the San Joaquin-Sacramento River Delta, it is a suburb of San Francisco, Oakland, and Sacramento. The city’s populace was 90,532 at the U.S. The city was founded by two brothers, William and Joseph Smith, who named the city Smith’s Landing. In 1851, the town’s new minister persuaded the citizens to change the name of the city to Antioch, for the Biblical city of Antioch, Syria.
Around 1859, coal was found in a number of places in the hills south of Antioch and coal mining formed the very first substantial company apart from farming and dairying by the inhabitants of this community. The Empire Coal Organization was formed by John C. The mines have lengthy ago ceased operation, and the railroad tracks have dug up, though the creating that served as the Antioch terminus of the railroad nevertheless stands on the corner of F Street and Fourth Street, and the grading and trestles nevertheless remain a lot as they were in individuals early days.
Smelting works had been constructed at Antioch, and a value of fifteen to twenty-five dollars per ton was paid for the ore, according to its quality. Unfortunately the copper bubble eventually burst, to the dismay of the citizens with connections. Petroleum was very first drilled for near Antioch in 1865, but not enough oil was found to make a decent profit.
The Antioch Post Office was opened in 1851, closed in 1852, re-opened in 1855, closed again in 1862, and it has operated continuously since re-opening in 1863. The town of Antioch was incorporated in 1872.
The Antioch Ledger was very first issued on March 10, 1870, and in all its forty-seven years never missed an concern. The Ledger later merged with the Contra Costa Times and printed its last concern in 2005.
Today, Antioch is mainly a “bedroom” local community, with most adults working in larger cities toward Oakland and San Francisco. The city has seen an enormous quantity of growth in the last 30 years, as the population of the Bay Region continues to grow, and real estate prices force families to move towards the outskirts of the Bay Area.
Since the real estate crash in late 2007, Antioch’s foreclosure rates frequently are amongst the nation’s highest.
The city has a municipal marina along with other private marinas, boatyards, and yacht clubs. In late 2009 Antioch received worldwide media attention following the news of kidnap victim Jaycee Lee Dugard being discovered alive there,and became the focus of several information stories regarding its 122 registered sex offenders. Only it’s not, according to a Bay Region Information Team analysis of sex offender addresses and census data.” The report concluded that the 94509 zip code ranked only 39th in the state with 1.5 sex offenders per 1000 (k), with Oakland, San Francisco, San Jose, Bethel Island, and Vallejo zip codes ranked in the top ten.
In late 2008, Western Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) moved into a 25-acre housing development slated for construction called Blue Ridge, owned by Kiper Houses. Despite being listed as a Species of Special Concern (a pre-listing category under the Endangered Species Act) by the California Department of Fish and Game in 1979, California’s population declined 60% from the 1980s to the early 90′s, and continues to decline at roughly 8% per 12 months. According to The Institute for Bird Populations at Point Reyes, there has been a 50 percent decline in burrowing owl populations in the Bay Area in the last 10 to 15 many years. Their status protects them from disturbance during nesting period or killing at any time, but does not guarantee them a permanent house, as outside of breeding season, owls can be removed. In November, 2009 nearby resident Scott Artis tallied 11 owls in the area, including four pairs. Antioch is the first East Bay town to designate habitat protected by deed for burrowing owls, since residents pushed for protections for those displaced by the community middle at Prewett Playground, said local resident Dee Vieira, who spearheaded the effort. A 1992-93 survey reported no breeding burrowing owls in Napa, Marin, and San Francisco counties, and only a couple of in San Mateo and Sonoma. The Santa Clara County population is declining and restricted to a few breeding locations, leaving only Alameda, Contra Costa, and Solano counties as the remnant breeding range.
In accordance to the Public Works Department of Antioch, Antioch is home to 31 parks covering a total of 310 acres (one.three km²) with an extra 600 acres (two.4 km²) of city-owned open space. It also has 11 miles (18 km) of walking paths connecting communities to parks and schools.
Within its boundaries it has Contra Loma Regional Park, the Antioch/Oakley Regional Shoreline and Black Diamond Mines Regional Playground, and the Mokelumne Coast to Crest Trail and Delta de Anza Regional Trail. In accordance to the East Bay Regional Parks District, these 3 parks take up 6,493 acres (26.three km²); approximately 38% of Antioch’s complete land mass.
Antioch – A Total Local community
The Delta is a fantastic place to escape the quick pace of everyday life. You can camp by the drinking water in your tent or RV, swim, ski or float down the river on houseboats. The waters in the Antioch region are some of the prime striped bass and sturgeon angling waters. As the “Gateway to the Delta”, Antioch will continue as a refuge for boaters.
Antioch is a growing community situated in Contra Costa County, and has the gift of being the “Gateway to the Delta”, the point where the Sacramento and the San Joaquin Rivers come together and carry on on to the Pacific Ocean. Antioch has always been a town of homes and families. It’s downtown is filled with examples of Victorian, Spanish and early American architecture. Antioch has something for everybody.
Contra Loma Regional Playground, 776 acres located at the edge of the Black Diamond Mine protect, is a popular hiking, picnicking and swimming spot.
Antioch has two challenging 18 hole Golf Courses, with a number of courses in the surrounding communities, both public and private.
There is a water park, which was built in 1996 and a skate playground.
Count on Antioch to have some enjoyable, and to celebrate culture in its personal distinctive way. Summer time comes alive with the Contra Costa County Fair and/or the Antioch Local community 4th of July Celebration. The Contra Costa County Fair is held at our Fairground facilities every 12 months and the annual 4th of July Celebration is held in the beautiful Downtown Rivertown section of Antioch.
It now presents a wide range of entertainment possibilities such as Classic Films, Reside Theatre, Concerts, Symphony, Ballet, Comedy and is host to numerous nearby dance and community based organizations such as the Antioch Rivertown Theatre Group.
The Arts & Cultural Foundation of Antioch organizes education in graphic arts, sculpture, pottery, and performance arts for numerous age groups. It also hosts the Saturday Summer time Concert Series, Delta Blues Festival, Holiday De Lights along with other local community events.
Antioch Historical Society Museum
Operate by the Antioch Historical Society , the museum is located in the Riverview Union High College. This higher college was the first higher school constructed in Contra Costa County. It houses moving historical exhibits and provides tours of the grounds.
Rivertown Fine art Middle
It is administered by the Arts & Cultural Foundation of Antioch and was created to allow local artists additional possibilities to exhibit their art and to conduct art classes.
ESPACE Academy
As we come closer to fall and the anticipation of the coming salmon season, numerous of you have e-mailed me asking about the season dates and bag limit particulars. So, I went out and searched the Department of Fish and Game’s labyrinth of a website and found details in this document: http://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=22586
According to the document, the Feather River from 1,000 feet below the Thermalito Afterbay to the mouth opens to fishing on July 31st. The everyday bag restrict is two salmon. I’m eagerly waiting for the area between the Highway 113 Bridge and Carquinez Bridge to open. Between September 4th and October 3rd there is a daily restrict of two salmon. We’ll get into gear and tackle as we get closer to the opener.
As far as other species close to Sacramento…
Striped bass are currently a good bet in the American River. Topwater plugs in the early morning and late evening, and subsurface lures like swimbaits and jointed jerkbaits are good when the sun is up. Shad are still obtainable in the upper-most reaches of the river and are readily taking grubs and darts. Most of the fish have spawned and skinny, and some are possibly currently making their way back to the ocean, dependent on what the water temps are holding at.
Try a float as well, you won’t be disappointed with the action if they’re around.
I fished a couple of tributaries in the East Delta a few times final week from the bank, landing a couple of nice largemouth to 3 pounds. Punching mats with plastics was the ticket. Smallmouth angling ought to be great on the Old Sacramento River – look for rocks and good current flow, together with some shade nearby and you’re golden. Attempt little 3 inch grubs on a darter head, spinnerbaits, and crawdad imitation crankbaits. Just keep in mind that smallmouth have a really slow growth rate. A one-2 pound fish could be well over three many years old.
To all, have a fun time on the banks and as always – make sure you pick up following yourself so the next person can enjoy the spot you just fished.
Check out these other great local sites:
Tankless Water Heaters & More!
Water Heaters and More!
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Jeff Clinkenbeard -
About the Author:
We are a full service plumbing company. We services the enitre East Bay. Are plumbing service areas include Antioch Ca. Walnut Creek Ca. Moraga Ca. and Surrounding areas. We Thank you for taking the time to review are Articles.
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Home Page > Travel > Caving in India
Caving in India
Posted: Sep 14, 2009 |Comments: 0
|
Caving in India
By: Prashant Jain
About the Author
THRILLOPHILIA deals with adventure-related activities on a pan-India level. Be its Rafting in the Tons or in the Kali River at Dandeli, Camel Safari in Ladakh or in the Thar Desert, Trekking around Bangalore or Ladakh, Scuba Diving in Lakshadweep or Andaman, we cater it all. We also have some fabulous Biking trips, Caving, Wildlife, Paragliding and many more adrenaline pumping adventure sports. India, having varied landscapes happens to be one of the finest destinations in the world for adventure.
(ArticlesBase SC #1230285)
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Caving in India
Caves have been around since 200 BC. Today they are a tourist destination but they have also been examples of brilliant architecture. Caves in the pre-historic times were built for the purposes of shelter and if mythology be believed most of them were abodes of Gods and Goddesses. There are innumerable caves in India but some that have gained world wide popularity are the caves of Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, Amarnath, Udaigiri, Patal Bhuvaneshwar and Aurangabad caves.
The study of caves is called Speleology. The academic significance of these caves has attracted several cavers from across the globe. For past few years though caving has also been enjoyed by the brave few as an adventure activity. And when it comes to caving in India tourists go straight to Meghalaya- the land of caves or Bangalore.
Belum Caves
Situated in Kurnool district, 270 km from Bangalore, Belum Caves are 3.5 long and are the second longest after Krem Um Lawan of Meghalaya. Only 2 km of the total Belum Caves is open for tourists. A certain things to be kept in mind are: You cannot go inside without a guide and are definitely not allowed to wander around freely. The cave has three entry points out of which one is converted into main entrance.
Belum caves have low ceilings where you might be required to crawl at certain places. The cave has some interesting stalactites and stalagmites formations in a chamber which is known as Kotilingalu. The entrance to it is called Simhadwaram. Another chamber inside is called Saptasvarala Guha or Musical because the limestone formations tinkle. The cave also has a stream at the deepest point Pathalaganga.
Caves for Spelunkers and Explorers
Meghalaya is probably the ‘state of caves’ of the north east. The Meghalayan caves are generally found in Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and the Garo Hills. The most famous caves are Siju-Dobkhakol, Krem Mawnluh, Krem Phyllut, Krem Soh Shympi, Krem Dam, Tetengkol-Balwakol, Dobhakol Chibe Nala etc. These caves provide an indomitable adventure to the cavers. Krem Mawnluh is the 4th longest cave in world. All of these caves are used by spelunkers quite often. Except Krem Mawnluh none of the caves have proper lightings. The dark interiors make the caving even more demanding. The murky and cavernous surface of the caves makes caving an exhilarating activity.
Antergange Hills
Forests are dotted with thorn scrubs in between volcanic rocks and boulders present a tempting landscape where diverse adventure activities can be undertaken. The hills provide a supreme site for Outbound Training and Excursions.
In the caves you can get to indulge in other adventure activities as trekking, rock climbing, over night camping, night navigation and cave exploration.
Aurangabad
The most popular attractions around Aurangabad are the Ajanta Caves. These are 107 km away from Aurangabad. These caves are some of the finest examples of Buddhist architectures, cave paintings and sculptures. There are some shrines inside the caves dedicated to Lord Buddha and Viharas. Ajanta is declared as a World Heritage Site as it protects the artistic legacy for so many centuries.
The second most popular attraction around Aurangabad is Ellora Caves 26 km north of Aurangabad. There are 34 caves in total out of which 34 caves contain Buddhist Chaityas or halls of worship, and Viharas or monasteries, Hindu and Jain temples. Ellora too has been chosen a World Heritage Site.
Caves for Tourists
Badami Caves
Badami Caves were found by Pulekeshin I more than 1000 years back. These caves presents the great mix of the architectural plan of the north India and south India Nagara.
Situated on the Elephanta Island in the Arabian Sea, elephanta caves are half an hour away by boat. In 1987, the Elephanta caves were affirmed as a world heritage by UNESCO World Heritage Site. These caves were coined as Elephanta caves by a Portuguese explorer because he discovered a huge elephant stone here.
Nelliteertha
Situated in Nellitheertha, Karnataka, the cave is 200 meters in length. The cave temple is from the year 1487. This cave was believed to be used by Sage Jabali to carry out his sacrament to express his gratification to Lord Durga Parameshwari.
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THRILLOPHILIA deals with adventure-related activities on a pan-India level. Be its Rafting in the Tons or in the Kali River at Dandeli, Camel Safari in Ladakh or in the Thar Desert, Trekking around Bangalore or Ladakh, Scuba Diving in Lakshadweep or Andaman, we cater it all. We also have some fabulous Biking trips, Caving, Wildlife, Paragliding and many more adrenaline pumping adventure sports. India, having varied landscapes happens to be one of the finest destinations in the world for adventure.
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Home Page > Business > Non Profit Organizations > Black Mystery Month
Black Mystery Month
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Black Mystery Month
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Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Black Mystery Month
This section called “Cultural references” does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2007)
lack Mystery Month
American Dad! episode
Episode no.
Season 2
Episode 13
Written by
Laura McCreary
Directed by
Brent Woods
Production no.
2AJN20
Original airdate
February 18, 2007
Newspaper Headline
Iran changes flag to middle finger
Season 2 episodes
American Dad – Season 2
September 10, 2006 May 20, 2007
Camp Refoogee
The American Dad After School Special
Failure Is not a Factory-Installed Option
Lincoln Lover
Dungeons and Wagons
Iced, Iced Babies
Of Ice and Men
Irregarding Steve
The Best Christmas Story Never Told
Bush Comes to Dinner
American Dream Factory
A.T. the Abusive Terrestrial
Black Mystery Month
An Apocalypse to Remember
Four Little Words
When a Stan Loves a Woman
I Can’t Stan You
The Magnificent Steven
Joint Custody
Season 1
Season 3
List of American Dad! episodes
“Black Mystery Month” is a second season episode of the animated series American Dad!.
Plot
While researching a paper about George Washington Carver, in celebration of Black History Month, Steve uncovers a conspiracy that’s been going on since the Civil War. When the curator of the Smithsonian Peanut Museum reaches out to tell Steve the truth, he’s mysteriously murdered, and Steve and Stan are tracked by a secret society (the Illuminutty, an obvious parody of the Illuminati) that will stop at nothing to keep this scandalous secret of American history a secret.
At one point Stan rescues Steve. Stan explains that the true inventor of peanut butter was Mary Todd Lincoln, President Lincoln’s wife, as a means of keeping away evil spirits. Shortly before the end of the Civil War, when “the North’s victory over the South was imminent”, Lincoln feared that the South could only be forced into abolishing slavery, and never of their own accord, and this would lead to further conflict. He then realized that the butter would be an ideal method of making the Southerners accept blacks as their equals – by introducing the delicious snack to the South and crediting the invention to a black person. However, before the plan could be put into action, John Wilkes Booth, who “despised legume based racial harmony”, shot Lincoln.
In 1896, 31 years later, the plan was revived by President Grover Cleveland. Cleveland heard of a young black botanist, Carver, who had invented over 300 uses for peanuts, but amazingly, “mashing them up and eating them wasn’t one of them”. Cleveland gave a jar of peanut butter to an unknowing Carver, who received the credit for the invention. Stan further explained that there was a legendary “Jar of Proof” that had evidence proving that Carver had not invented it, but an organization called the Illuminutti was dedicated to finding the Jar and destroying it, fearing that the truth would cause the country to descend back to racism and hatred.
Steve decides that the truth has to be revealed, and Stan agrees. After following several clues, they find a monocle, a pole from a strip club and an oddly shaped flower pot. Steve figures out the puzzle and they go to Lincoln’s statue where they put the “pole” (Lincoln’s cane), the monocle, and the flower pot (Lincoln’s hat) on the statue. The statue’s legs lift up revealing an underground tunnel; after some exploring (also a cloud of green gas, which was started by a huge fart) they find a pit of lava, with a small rocky island in the middle, with the Jar of Proof on top.
Stan strains to reach the Jar, and as he does, Steve sees the Illuminutti symbol tattooed on Stan’s back, making him one of them. President Jimmy Carter shows up. Carter and Stan both explain to Steve that the American people can never know the truth about peanut butter, because it will lead to the end of racial harmony. Steve denies this, convincing Stan that America is grown up and can handle the truth; Stan winks and gives the backpack with the Jar to Carter. Shortly afterwards, Carter is hit by falling debris and falls into the lava pit along with the backpack. Stan and Steve then escape the collapsing temple and then realize that Stan failed to switch the jars (as he believed that it was a magic backpack that automatically switched the jars).
They don’t actually have the Jar of Proof, so Steve decides that there is one place where a person can put out crazy information with no evidence and millions will accept it as true, and writes an article called “The Truth About Peanut Butter” on Wikipedia. Stan also agrees to take the Internet blocks off Steve’s computer.
A subplot involves Hayley and Roger playing Jenga. Roger takes forever to make a move, thinking, getting an engineer for advice and making a second stack to test his move beforehand (the company said it violated the “spirit” of the game but not the actual rules); finally he makes a move, and then screams at Hayley as she hesitates a moment before moving herself.
Trivia
The episode is dedicated to George Washington Carver, who invented “300 Uses for Peanuts…But Not Peanut Butter.” In fact, while George Washington Carver did not invent peanut butter, neither did Mary Todd Lincoln: it was patented by Marcellus Gilmore Edson of Montreal in 1884 and was used by the Aztecs hundreds of years before that.
Francine’s wine bottles are labeled “Told Klaus to Shut Up”, “Found Out What Chutney Is”, “Pet a Goat”, “Someone Took My Advice”, and “Sold a Pilot to NBC”. She takes “Someone took my Advice” and “Told Klaus to Shut Up”. In a deleted scene, she takes “Found Out What Chutney Is”, after Hayley tells her it is “some kind of fruity sauce”.
Steve incorrectly refers to Io as the “ice-moon of Jupiter”. Europa is the moon of Jupiter covered in ice, while Io is covered with volcanoes.
In the beginning of this episode, Steve seems to have all websites blocked, but in an earlier episode, Irregarding Steve, he could access every site, even porn.
Despite being an ultra-conservative Republican, Stan mentions Grover Cleveland as being “the greatest President our country has ever known” even though Cleveland was a Democrat. He also teams up with Jimmy Carter, another Democratic President.
The theme of the episode, which appears to advocate common sense honesty over elaborate paternalism, is more commonly associated with South Park. This is one of several episodes of American Dad that depart from the strict liberalism of MacFarlane’s other show Family Guy.
Cultural references
The title is a reference to Black History Month.
The plot parodies The Da Vinci Code (beginning with a museum curator left for dead that manages to write a note in his own blood), Angels & Demons, “The Washingtonians,” Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Matrix, and National Treasure.
Wikipedia is referenced at the end of the show, where Stan asks “If only there was a place where you could make outrageous claims, without any proof, and millions of people would accept it as fact”, then the scene flips to Steve typing up an article on “Wikipedia” on his home computer. The title of the article is “The Truth about Peanut Butter”. All articles on the real Wikipedia related to peanut butter, Mary Todd Lincoln, and the Illuminati were protected before the end of the episode’s first broadcast.
The death of Jimmy Carter is similar to the death of the T-1000 in Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Gollum from The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Thrax from Osmosis Jones, and Toht from Raiders of the Lost Ark.
There is a reference to Raiders of the Lost Ark when Steve hangs the monocle from the pole for the rising sun to shine though.
Stan breaks the fourth wall by endorsing Burger King, as “the economics of television have changed” and weakly says “Have it your way.”
In the strip-club scene, the members of the A-Team are all present. In the establishing shot; Hannibal is front left, Faceman is front right, and B.A. (wearing a grey baseball cap) is back left, Murdoch is back right (wearing his brown leather jacket and blue baseball cap).
Preceded by
.T. The Abusive Terrestrial
American Dad! episodes
Followed by
n Apocalypse to Remember
Categories: American Dad! episodes: Season 2 | 2007 television episodesHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from October 2007 | All articles lacking sources
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French Invasion Of Russia
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Home Page > Business > Public Relations > French Invasion Of Russia
French Invasion Of Russia
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French Invasion Of Russia
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Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – French Invasion Of Russia
Alternative names
Napoleon’s invasion is better known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 (Russian 1812 , Otechestvennaya Vojna 1812 goda), not to be confused with the Great Patriotic War ( , Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna) which refers to Hitler’s, rather than Napoleon’s, invasion of Russia. The Patriotic War of 1812 is also occasionally referred to as the “War of 1812″, which is not to be confused with the conflict of the same name between the United Kingdom and the United States. It was also termed the “Fatherland War”, and later the “First Fatherland War”, with both World Wars later being termed the “Second Fatherland War”. In pre-revolutionary Russian literature found such an epithet of the war as “an invasion of twelve languages” Russian: . In an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots, Napoleon in his own words termed this war the “Second Polish War” (the first Polish war being the liberation of Poland from Russia, Prussia and Austria), because one of the main goals of this war was the resurrection of the Polish state on the territories of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.
Causes
At the time of the invasion, Napoleon was at the height of his power with virtually all of continental Europe either under his direct control or held by countries defeated by his empire and under treaties favorable for France. No European power on the continent dared move against him. The 1809 Austrian war treaty had a clause removing Western Galicia from Austria and annexing it to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Russia viewed this as against its interests and as a potent launching point for an invasion of Russia. In an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots, Napoleon in his own words termed this war the Second Polish War: “Soldiers, the second war of Poland is started; the first finished in Tilsit. In Tilsit, Russia swore eternal alliance in France and war in England. It violates its oaths today. Russia is pulled by its fate; its destinies must be achieved! Does it thus believe us degenerated? Thus let us go ahead; let us pass Neman River, carry the war on its territory. The second war of Poland will be glorious with the French Armies like the first one.” Napoleon daily decree, June 22 1812. The “first” Polish war being the War of the Fourth Coalition to liberate Poland from Russia, Prussia and Austria), because one of the official declared goals of this war was the resurrection of the Polish state on territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Tsar Alexander found Russia in an economic bind as his country had little in the way of manufacturing yet was rich in raw materials and relied heavily on trade with Napoleon’s continental system for both money and manufactured goods. Russia’s withdrawal from the system was a further incentive to Napoleon to force a decision.
In 1811 Russian Staff developed a plan of offensive war, assuming a Russian assault on Warsaw and Gdask.
Logistics
The invasion of Russia clearly and dramatically demonstrates the role that logistics, or in this case the lack thereof, will play in a campaign where the land will not provide for the number of troops deployed in an area of operations far exceeding the experience of the invading army. Napoleon and the Grande Arme had developed a proclivity for living off the land that had served it well in the densely populated and agriculturally rich central Europe with its dense network of roads. Rapid forced marches had dazed and confused old order Austrian and Prussian armies and much had been made of the use of foraging. In Russia many of the Grande Arme’s methods of operation worked against it. Forced marches often made troops do without supplies as the supply wagons struggled to keep up. Lack of water, lack of food, and a thinly populated and much less agriculturally dense region led to the death of horses and men through weakening them from lack of food, exposure to waterborne diseases from drinking from mud puddles and rotten forage. The front of the army would receive whatever could be provided while the formations behind starved.
Napoleon had in fact made extensive preparations providing for the provisioning of his army. Seventeen train battalions of 6000 vehicles were to provide a 40-day supply for the Grande Arme and its operations, and a large system of magazines was established in towns and cities in Poland and East Prussia. At the start of the campaign, no march on Moscow was envisioned and so the preparations would have sufficed. However, the Russian Armies could not stand singularly against the main battle group of 285,000 men and would continue to retreat and attempt to join one another. This demanded an advance by the Grand Arme over a road network of dirt roads that would dissolve into bottomless mires, where deep ruts in the mud would freeze solid, killing already exhausted horses and breaking wagons. As the graph of Charles Joseph Minard, given below, shows, the majority of the losses to the Grand Arme were incurred during the march to Moscow during the summer and autumn. Starvation, desertion, typhus, and suicide would rob the French Army of more men than all the battles of the Russian invasion combined.
Opposing forces
Grande Arme
On June 24, 1812, the Grande Arme of 690,000 men, the largest army assembled up to that point in European history, crossed the river Neman and headed towards Moscow.
The Grande Arme was divided as follows:
Major Gnral (Chief of Staff) Marchal Louis Alexandre Berthier, 1st Duc de Wagram, 1st Duc de Valengin, 1st Sovereign Prince de Neuchtel
Northern flank
X Corps 32,500 (Pr,Po,Bv, We) Marchal Etienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald, Duc de Tarente
Southern flank
VII Corps 17,000 (Sx) Gnral de division Jean-Louis-Ebnzer Reynier
Austrian Corps 34,000 (Au) Feldmarschall Karl Philipp Frst zu Schwarzenberg, Herzog von Krumau
Central force of 250,000 under the Emperor’s personal command (north to south).
Imperial Guard 47,000 (Fr,Po,Du, He,Pr,Sw) Marchal Jean-Baptiste Bessires Duc d’Istrie (cavalry of the Guard); Marchal Pierre Franois Joseph Lefebvre Duc de Dantzig (Old Guard infantry); Marchal Adolphe Edouard Casimir Joseph Mortier Duc de Trvise (Young Guard infantry)
I Corps 72,000 (Fr,Ba,Me,Sp) Marchal Louis Nicolas Davout, Duc d’Auerstaedt, Prince d’Eckmhl
II Corps 37,000 (Fr,Sw,Cr,Pt) Marchal Nicolas Charles Oudinot, Duc de Reggio
III Corps 40,000 (Fr,Pt) Marchal Michel Ney, duc d’Elchingen
IV Corps 46,000 (It,Fr,Cr,Sp) Gnral de division Eugne Rose de Beauharnais, Prince Franais, Prince of Venice, Viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy
V Corps 36,000 (Po) Gnral de division Josef Antoni, Prince Poniatowski
VI Corps 25,000 (Bv) Gnral de division Marquis Laurent de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr
VIII Corps 18,000 (We,He) Gnral de division Jrme-Napolon Bonaparte, French Prince, King of Westphalia later Jean-Andoche Junot Duc d’Abrants
III Reserve Cavalry Corps 10,000 (Fr,Bv,Sx) Gnral de division Emmanuel, Marquis de Grouchy
IV Reserve Cavalry Corps 8000 (Po,Sx,We) Gnral de division Marie-Charles-Csar de Fa, comte de la Tour-Maubourg
I & II Reserve Cavalry Corps 22,000 (Fr,Po,Pr,Wu) Marchal Joachim Murat, King of Naples
I Reserve Cavalry Corps Gnral de division Louis Pierre Count de Montbrun
II Reserve Cavalry Corps Gnral de division tienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty
Reserve in Poland
XI Corps 50,000 (Fr,It,Ge,Ne) Marchal Pierre Franois Charles Augereau, Duc de Castiglione
Reserve in Germany
IX Corps 35,000 (Fr,Po,Bd,Ge,Be) Marchal Claude-Victor Perrin, known as Victor, Duc de Bellune
Main article: List of French commanders in the Russian 1812 Campaign
In addition 80,000 National Guards had been conscripted for full military service defending the imperial frontier of the Duchy of Warsaw. With these included total French imperial forces on the Russian border and in Russia came to almost 800,000 men. This vast commitment of manpower severely strained the Empire especially considering that there were a further 300,000 French troops fighting in Iberia and over 200,000 more in Germany and Italy.
The army consisted of:
300,000 troops from the French Empire
98,000 Poles
90,000 Germans
24,000 Bavarians
20,000 Saxons
23,000 Prussians
21,000 Westphalians (other German sources mention 28,000)
15,000 Wuerttemberg
6,000 Baden
5,000 Hesse
34,000 in the detached Austrian Corps under Schwarzenberg
32,000 Italians
25,000 Neapolitans
9,000 Swiss (German sources mention 16,000)
4,800 Spanish
3,500 Croats
2,000 Portuguese
Anthony Joes in Journal of Conflict Studies wrote that:
Figures on how many men Napoleon took into Russia and how many eventually came out vary rather widely.
[Georges] Lefebvre says that Napoleon crossed the Neman with over 600,000 soldiers, only half of whom were from France, the others being mainly Germans and Poles.
Felix Markham thinks that 450,000 crossed the Neman on 25 June 1812, of whom less than 40,000 recrossed in anything like a recognizable military formation.
James Marshall-Cornwall says 510,000 Imperial troops entered Russia.
Eugene Tarle believes that 420,000 crossed with Napoleon and 150,000 eventually followed, for a grand total of 570,000.
Richard K. Riehn provides the following figures: 685,000 men marched into Russia in 1812, of whom around 355,000 were French; 31,000 soldiers marched out again in some sort of military formation, with perhaps another 35,000 stragglers, for a total of less than 70,000 known survivors.
M. Minard’s famous graphic depicts the march ingeniously by showing the size of the advancing army, overlaid on a rough map, as well as the retreating soldiers together with temperatures recorded (as much as 30 below zero celsius) on their return. The numbers on this chart have 422,000 crossing the Neman with Napoleon, 22,000 taking a side trip in the beginning, 100,000 surviving the battles en route to Moscow, and of the 100,000 departing Moscow, only 4,000 surviving joined up by 6,000 that survived that initial 22,000 in the feint attack northward, to leave only 10,000 crossing back to France out of the initial 422,000.
Whatever the accurate number, it is generally accepted that the overwhelming majority of this grand army, French and allied, remained, in one condition or another, inside Russia.
nthony Joes
Adam Zamoyski estimated that between 550,000 and 600,000 French and allied troops (including reinforcements) operated beyond the Niemen, of which as many as 400,000 troops died.
Russian Imperial Army
The forces immediately facing Napoleon consisted of three armies comprising 175,250 Russians and 15,000 Cossacks, with 938 guns as follows:
Main article: List of Russian commanders in the Patriotic War of 1812
Monument to Kutuzov in front of the Kazan Cathedral in Saint Petersburg. The Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow were built to commemorate the Russian victory against Napoleon.
General of Infantry Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly served as the Commander in Chief of the Russian Armies, a field commander of the First Western Army and Minister of War until replaced by Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov who assumed the role of Commander-in-chief from during the retreat after the Battle of Smolensk.
First Western Army under Emperor Alexander I with General of Infantry Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly as a field commander and Minister of War numbered 104,250 men and 7,000 Cossacks with 558 guns.
Chief of Staff General Lieutenant Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov
II Infantry Corps General of Infantry Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich
V Infantry Corps General Lieutenant Lavrov
IV Infantry Corps General Lieutenant Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy
VI Infantry Corps General Lieutenant Dmitry Sergeyevich Dokhturov
I Cavalry Corps General Lieutenant Uvarov
II Cavalry Corps General Major Korff
III Cavalry Corps General Major Kreutz
Matvey Ivanovich Platov – Ataman of the Don Cossacks
Second Western Army General of the Infantry Prince Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration numbered 33,000 men and 4,000 Cossacks with 216 guns.
III Infantry Corps General Lieutenant Tuchkov 1st
VII Infantry Corps General Lieutenant Nikolay Nikolayevich Raevsky
VIII Infantry Corps General Lieutenant Borosdin
IV Cavalry Corps General Major von Sievers
Third Reserve Army of Observation General of the Cavalry A.P.Tormasov numbered 38,000 men and 4,000 Cossacks, with 164 guns.
Cossacks. As irregular cavalry, these horsemen of the Russian steppes were best suited to reconnaissance, scouting, and harassing the enemy flanks and supply lines. Seldom were they committed to execute a conventional charge in battle.
Danube Army Admiral Pavel Vasilievich Chichagov
Prince Peter Khristianovich Wittgenstein Commander of the Right Wing
Riga corps (lieutenant general I.N.Essen 1st)
Finnish corps (General Lieutenant F.F.Shteyngel)
1st reserve corps (General Adjutant baron E.I.Meller-Zakomelskiy)
2nd reserve corps (General Lieutenant F.F.Ertel)
Bobruiskiy force (General Major G.A.Ignatev)
Smolensk reserve corps(General Adjutant baron F.F.Wintsingerode)
Kaluga reserve corps (General of the Infantry Of m.A.Miloradovich)
27th infantry division (General Major D.P.Neverovskiy)
Force in Serbia (General Major N.I.Liders)
These forces, however, could count on reinforcements from the second line, which totaled 129,000 men and 8,000 Cossacks, with 434 guns and 433 rounds of ammo.
Of these about 105,000 men were actually available for the defense against the invasion. In the third line were the 36 recruit depots and militias, which came to the total of approximately 161,000 men of various and highly disparate military values, of which about 133,000 actually took part in the defense.
Thus, the grand total of all the forces was 488,000 men, of which about 428,000 gradually came into action against the Grand Army. This bottom line, however, includes more than 80,000 Cossacks and militiamen, as well as about 20,000 men who garrisoned the fortresses in the operational area.
Sweden, Russia’s only ally, did not send supporting troops. But the alliance made it possible to withdraw the 45,000 man Russian corps Steinheil from Finland and use it in the later battles (20,000 men were sent to Riga).
Invasion
Crossing the Niemen
Eagles monument in Smolensk, commemorating the centenary of the Russian defeat of Napoleon.
The invasion commenced on April 1812. Napoleon had sent a final offer of peace to Saint Petersburg shortly before commencing operations. He never received a reply, so he gave the order to proceed into Russian Poland. He initially met little resistance and moved quickly into the enemy’s territory. The French coalition of forces amounted to 449,000 men and 1146 cannon being opposed by the Russian armies combining to muster 153,000 Russians, 938 cannons, and 15,000 Cossacks. The center of mass of French forces focused on Kaunas and the crossings were made by the French Guard, I, II, and III corps amounting to some 120,000 at this point of crossing alone. The actual crossings were made in the area of Alexioten where three pontoon bridges were constructed. The sites had been selected by Napoleon in person. Napoleon had a tent raised and he watched and reviewed troops as they crossed the Niemen. The roads along this area of Lithuania were hardly such in any but name, actually being small dirt tracks through areas of dense forest. Already the problems began to manifest themselves, in the example of I corps 5 divisions that took more than an infantry battalion’s marching capacity of a days march. The logistics trains simply could not keep up with the forced marches of the corps and rear formations always suffered the worst privations.
March on Vilnius
The 25th of June found Napoleon’s group past the bridge head with Ney’s command approaching the existing crossings at Alexioten. Murat’s reserve cavalry provided the vanguard with Napoleon the guard and Davout’s 1st corp following behind. Eugene’s command would cross the Niemen further north at Piloy, and MacDonald crossed the same day. Jerome command wouldn’t complete its crossing at Grodno until the 28th. Napoleon rushed towards Vilnius pushing the infantry forward in columns that suffered from heavy rain then stifling heat. The central group would cross 70 miles in two days. Ney’s III corps would march down the road to Suderv with Oudinot marching on the other side of the Neris River in an operation attempting to catch General Wittgenstein’s command between Ney, Oudinout, and Macdonald’s, commands, but Macdonald’s command was late in arriving to an objective too far away and the opportunity vanished. Jerome was tasked with tackling Bagration by marching to Grodno and Reynier’s VII corps sent to Bialystok in support.
The Russian headquarters was in fact centered in Vilnius on June 24 and couriers rushed news about the crossing of the Niemen to Barclay de Tolley. Before the night had passed orders were sent out to Bagration and Platov to take the offensive. Alexander left Vilnius on June 26 and Barclay assumed overall command. Although Barclay wanted to give battle he assessed it as a hopeless situation and ordered Vilnius’s magazines burned and its bridge dismantled. Wittgenstein moved his command to Perkele passing beyond Macdonald and Oudinot’s operations with Wittgenstein’s rear guard clashing with Oudinout’s forward elements. Doctorov on the Russian Left found his command threatened by Phalen’s III cavalry corp. Bagration was ordered to Vileyka which moved him towards Barclay though reading the orders intent is still something of a mystery to this day.
On June the 28th Napoleon entered Vilnius with only light skirmishing. The foraging in Lithuania proved hard as the land was mostly barren and forested. The supplies of forage were less than that of Poland and two days of forced marching made a bad supply situation worse. Central to the problem were the expanding distances to supply magazines and the fact that no supply wagon could keep up with a forced marched infantry column. The weather itself became an issue where according to historian Richard K. Riehn:
The thunderstorms of the 24th turned into other downpours, turning the tracks-some diarist claim there were no roads as in Lithuania-into bottomless mires. Wagon sank up to their hubs; horses dropped from exhaustion; men lost their boots. Stalled wagons became obstacles that forced men around them and stopped supply wagons and artillery columns. Then came the sun which would bake the deep ruts into canyons of concrete, where horses would break their legs and wagons their wheels.
A Lieutenant Mertens a Wurttemberger serving with Ney’s III corps reported in his diary that oppressive heat followed by rain left them with dead horses and camping in swamp-like conditions with dysentery and influenza raging though the ranks with hundreds in a field hospital that had to be set up for the purpose. He reported the times, dates, and places, of events reporting thunderstorms on the 6th of June and men dying of sunstroke by the 11th. The Crown Prince of Wurttemberg reported 21 men dead in bivouacs. The Bavarian corps was reporting 345 sick by June 13.
Desertion was high among Spanish and Portuguese formations. These deserters proceeded to terrorize the population, looting whatever lay to hand. The areas in which the Grande Armee passed were devastated. A Polish officer reporting that areas around him were depopulated.
The French light Cavalry was shocked to find itself outclassed by Russian counterparts so much so that Napoleon had ordered that infantry be provided as back up to French light cavalry units. This affected both French reconnaissance and intelligence operations. Despite 30,000 cavalry, contact was not maintained with Barclay’s forces leaving Napoleon guessing and throwing out columns to find his opposition.
The operation intended to split Bagration’s forces from Barclay’s forces by driving to Vilnius had cost the French forces 25,000 losses from all causes in a few days. Strong probing operations were advanced from Vilnius towards Nemenin, Mykoliks, Ashmyany, and Moltai.
Eugene crossed at Prenn on June 30 while Jerome moved VII Corps to Bialystok, with everything else crossing at Grodno. Murat advanced to Nemenin on July 1 running into elements of Doctorov’s III Russian Cavalry Corps enroute to Djunaszev. Napoleon assumed this was Bagration’s 2nd Army and rushed out before being told it was not 24 hours later. Napoleon then attempted to use Davout, Jerome, and Eugene, out on his right in a hammer and anvil to catch Bagration to destroy the 2nd army in an operation spanning Ashmyany and Minsk. This operation had failed to produce results on his left before with Macdonald and Oudinot. Doctorov had moved from Djunaszev to Svir narrowly evading French forces, with a 11 regiments and a battery of 12 guns heading to join Bagration when moving too late to stay with Doctorov.
Conflicting orders and lack of information had placed Bagration in a bind almost marching into Davout, however Jerome could not arrive in time over the same mud tracks, supply problems, and weather, that had so badly affected the rest of the Grande Arme, losing 9000 men in four days. Command disputes between Jerome and General Vandamme would not help the situation. Bagration joined with Doctorov and had 45,000 men at Novi-Sverzen by the 7th. Davout had lost 10,000 men marching to Minsk and would not attack Bagration without Jerome joining him. Two French Cavalry defeats by Platov kept the French in the dark and Bagration was no better informed with both overestimating the other’s strength, Davout thought Bagration had some 60,000 men and Bagration thought Davout had 70,000. Bagration was getting orders from both Alexander’s staff and Barclay (which Barclay didn’t know) and left Bagration without a clear picture of what was expected of him and the general situation. This stream of confused orders to Bagration had him upset with Barclay which would have repercussions later.
Napoleon reached Vilnius on the 28th of June leaving 10,000 dead horses in his wake. These horse were vital to bringing up further supplies to an army in desperate need. Napoleon had supposed that Alexander would sue for peace at this point and was to be disappointed; it would not be his last disappointment. Barclay continued to retreat to the Drissa deciding that the concentration of the 1st and 2nd armies was his first priority.
Barclay continued his retreat and with the exception of the occasional rearguard clash remained unhindered in his movements ever further east. To date the standard methods of the Grande Armee were working against it. Rapid forced marches quickly caused desertion, starvation, exposed the troops to filthy water and disease, while the logistics trains lost horses by the thousands, further exacerbating the problems. Some 50,000 stragglers and deserters became a lawless mob warring with local peasantry in all-out guerrilla war, that further hindered supplies reaching the Grand Armee which was already down 95,000 men.
March on Moscow
Barclay, the Russian commander-in-chief, refused to fight despite Bagration’s urgings. Several times he attempted to establish a strong defensive position, but each time the French advance was too quick for him to finish preparations and he was forced to retreat once more. When the French army progressed further, serious problems in foraging surfaced, aggravated by scorched earth tactics of the Russian army advocated by Karl Ludwig von Phull.
Political pressure on Barclay to give battle and the general’s continuing resistance (viewed as intransigence by the populace) led to his removal from the position of commander-in-chief to be replaced by the boastful and popular Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov. Despite Kutuzov’s rhetoric to the contrary, he continued in much the way Barclay had, immediately seeing that to face the French in open battle would be to sacrifice his army pointlessly. Following an indecisive clash at Smolensk on August 1618, he finally managed to establish a defensive position at Borodino. The Battle of Borodino on September 7 was the bloodiest single day of battle in the Napoleonic Wars. The Russian army could only muster half of its strength on September 8 and was forced to retreat, leaving the road to Moscow open. Kutuzov also ordered the evacuation of the city.
By this point the Russians had managed to draft large numbers of reinforcements into the army bringing total Russian land forces to their peak strength in 1812 of 904,000 with perhaps 100,000 in the immediate vicinity of Moscow the remnants of Kutuzov’s army from Borodino partially reinforced.
Capture of Moscow
Napolon and General Lauriston Peace at all costs!
On September 14, 1812, Napoleon moved into the empty city that was stripped of all supplies by its governor, Fyodor Rostopchin. Relying on classical rules of warfare aiming at capturing the enemy’s capital (even though Saint Petersburg was the political capital at that time, Moscow was the spiritual capital of Russia), Napoleon had expected Tsar Alexander I to offer his capitulation at the Poklonnaya Hill, but the Russian command did not think of surrendering.
As Napoleon prepared to enter Moscow he was surprised to have received no delegation from the city. At the approach of a victorious general, the civil authorities customarily presented themselves at the gates of the city with the keys to the city in an attempt to safeguard the population and their property. As nobody received Napoleon he sent his aides into the city, seeking out officials with whom the arrangements for the occupation could be made. When none could be found, it became clear that the Russians had left the city unconditionally.
In a normal surrender, the city officials would be forced to find billets and make arrangements for the feeding of the soldiers, but the situation caused a free-for-all in which every man was forced to find lodgings and sustenance for himself. Napoleon was secretly disappointed by the lack of custom as he felt it robbed him of a traditional victory over the Russians, especially in taking such a historically significant city.[citation needed]
Before the order was received to evacuate Moscow, the city had a population of approximately 270,000 people. As much of the population pulled out, the remainder were burning or robbing the remaining stores of food to deprive the French of their use. As Napoleon entered the Kremlin, there still remained one-third of the original population, mainly consisting of foreign tradespersons, servants, and people who were unable or simply unwilling to flee. These, including the several hundred strong French colony, attempted to avoid the troops.
Fire of Moscow
Main article: Fire of Moscow (1812)
The French in Moscow.
After entering Moscow, the Grande Arme, unhappy with military conditions and no sign of victory, began looting what little remained within Moscow. Already the same evening, the first fires began to break out in the city, spreading and reemerging over the next few days.
Moscow, comprised two thirds of wooden buildings at the time, burnt down almost completely (it was estimated that four-fifths of the city was destroyed), effectively depriving the French of shelter in the city. French historians assume that the fires were due to Russian sabotage.
Tolstoy, in War and Peace, claimed that the fire was not deliberately set, either by the Russians or the French; the natural result of placing a wooden city in the hands of strangers in wintertime is that they will make small fires to stay warm, cook their food, and other benign purposes, and that some of those fires will get out of control. Without an efficient Fire Department, these house fires will spread to become neighborhood fires and ultimately a city-wide conflagration.
Retreat and losses
In 1812 by Illarion Pryanishnikov.
Sitting in the ashes of a ruined city without having received the Russian capitulation, and facing a Russian maneuver forcing him out of Moscow, Napoleon started his long retreat by the middle of October. At the Battle of Maloyaroslavets, Kutuzov was able to force the French army into using the very same Smolensk road on which they had earlier moved East and which had already been stripped of food supplies by both armies. This is often presented as yet another example of scorched-earth tactics. Continuing to block the southern flank to prevent the French from returning by a different route, Kutuzov again deployed partisan tactics to constantly strike at the French train where it was weakest. Light Russian cavalry, including mounted Cossacks, assaulted and broke up isolated French units.
French Army in the Town Hall Square of Vilnius during the retreat.
Supplying the army became an impossibility the lack of grass weakened the army’s remaining horses, almost all of which died or were killed for food by starving soldiers. With no horses the French cavalry ceased to exist, and cavalrymen were forced to march on foot. In addition the lack of horses meant that cannons and wagons had to be abandoned, depriving the army of artillery and support convoys. Although the army was quickly able to replace its artillery in 1813, the abandonment of wagons created an immense logistics problem for the remainder of the war, as thousands of the best military wagons were left behind in Russia. As starvation and disease took their toll the desertion rate soared. Most of the deserters were taken prisoner or promptly executed by Russian peasants. Badly weakened by these circumstances, the French military position collapsed. Elements of the Grande Arme were defeated by the Russians at Vyazma, Krasnoi, and Polotsk. The crossing of the river Berezina was the final French catastrophe of the war, as two separate Russian armies inflicted horrendous casualties on the remnants of the Grande Arme as it struggled to escape across pontoon bridges.
Bad News from France, painting depicting Napoleon encamped in a Russian Orthodox church (Vasily Vereshchagin, part of his series, “Napoleon, 1812″, 188795).
In early December 1812 Napoleon learned that General Claude de Malet had attempted a coup dat back in France. He abandoned the army and returned home on a sleigh, leaving Marshal Joachim Murat in charge. Murat later deserted in order to save his kingdom of Naples, leaving Napoleon’s former stepson, Eugene de Beauharnais, in command.
In the following weeks, the remnants of the Grande Arme were further diminished, and on December 14, 1812, they were expelled from Russian territory. According to the popular legend only about 22,000 of Napoleon’s men survived the Russian campaign. However, some sources say that no more than 380,000 soldiers were killed. The difference can be explained by up to 100,000 French prisoners in Russian hands (mentioned by Eugen Tarl, released in 1814) and more than 80,000 (including all wing-armies, not only the rest of the “main army” under Napoleon’s direct command) returning troops (mentioned by German military historians). Most of the Prussian contingent, for example, survived thanks to the Convention of Tauroggen, and almost the whole Austrian contingent under Schwarzenberg withdrew successfully, too. The Russians formed the Russian-German Legion from other German prisoners and deserters.
Napoleon and his marshals struggle to redress the situation during the retreat.
Russian casualties in the few open battles are comparable to the French losses, but civilian losses along the devastated war path were much higher than the military casualties. In total, despite earlier estimates giving figures of several million dead, around one million were killed including civilians fairly evenly split between the French and Russians. Military losses amounted to 300,000 French, about 72,000 Poles, 50,000 Italians, 80,000 Germans, 61,000 from other nations. As well as the loss of human life the French also lost some 200,000 horses and over 1,000 artillery pieces.
The overall losses of the Russian armies are hard to assess. A 19th century historian Michael Bogdanovich assessed reinforcements of the Russian armies during the war using Military Registry archive of the General Staff. According to this the reinforcements totaled 134,000. The main army at the time of capture of Vilnius in December had 70,000 men, while its number at the war start was about 150,000. Thus, the total loss is 210,000 men. Of these about 40,000 returned to duty. Losses of the formations operating in secondary areas of operations as well as losses in militia units were about 40,000. Thus, he came up with the number of 210,000 men and militiamen.
Weather as a factor
One study concluded that the winter only had a major effect once Napoleon was in full retreat, saying that “In regard to the claims of “General Winter”, the main body of Napoleon’s Grande Arme diminished by half during the first 8 weeks of his invasion before the major battle of the campaign. This decrease was partly due to garrisoning supply centres, but disease, desertions, and casualties sustained in minor actions caused thousands of losses. A saying arose that the Generals Janvier and Fevrier (January and February) defeated Napoleon referencing the Russian Winter. At Borodino…Napoleon could muster no more than 135,000 troops, and he lost at least 30,000 of them to gain a narrow and Pyrrhic victory almost 1000 km deep in hostile territory. The sequels were his uncontested and self-defeating occupation of Moscow and his humiliating retreat, which began on 19 October, before the first severe frosts later that month and the first snow on 5 November. However, General of Cavalry Denis Davidov writing in 1814 noted that the winters during campaigns in 1795 and 1807 were far colder, but failed to prevent French operations and victories. Also, for much of the period of retreat the temperature did not drop below 10 , and even at its coldest during November in Vilno the recorded temperatures were on the 13th (-8 ), 14th (-9.2 ) and 15th (-6.5 ). In fact the severe cold temperatures that are often referred to and depicted on paintings did not occur until after the French retreat crossed the Neman River. Davidov and other Russian campaign participants record wholesale surrender of starving members of the Grande Arme well before the onset of frosts amid eyewitness reports of cannibalism, and point to the breakdown in French logistics, and constant harassment of the French army by Russian forces as the primary reasons for their losses during the retreat.
Napoleon’s invasion of Russia is listed among the most lethal military operations in world history.
Charles Joseph Minard famous graph showing the decreasing size of the Grande Arme as it marches to Moscow and back with the size of the army equal to the width of the line. Temperature is plotted on the lower graph for the return journey (Multiply Raumur temperatures by 1 to get Celsius, e.g. 30R = 37.5 C)
Historical assessment
A hall of military fame in the Winter Palace with portraits of the Russian war heroes.
The Russian victory over the French army in 1812 marked a huge blow to Napoleon’s ambitions of European dominance. This war was the reason the other coalition allies triumphed once and for all over Napoleon. His army was shattered, and morale was low, both for French troops still in Russia, fighting battles just before the campaign ended, and for the troops on other fronts. Out of an original force of 500,000600,000, only 40,000 frost-bitten and half starved survivors stumbled back into France. The Russian campaign was the decisive turning-point of the Napoleonic Wars that ultimately led to Napoleon’s defeat and exile on the island of Elba. For Russia the term Patriotic War (an English rendition of the Russian ) formed a symbol for a strengthened national identity that would have great effect on Russian patriotism in the 19th century. The indirect result of the patriotic movement of Russians was a strong desire for the modernization of the country that would result in a series of revolutions, starting with the Decembrist revolt and ending with the February Revolution of 1917.
Napoleon was not completely defeated by the disaster in Russia. The following year he would raise an army of around 400,000 French troops supported by a quarter of a million French allied troops to contest control of Germany in an even larger campaign. Despite being outnumbered, he won a large victory at the Battle of Dresden. It was not until the decisive Battle of Nations (October 1619, 1813) that he was finally defeated and afterwards no longer had the necessary troops to stop the Coalition’s invasion of France. Napoleon did still manage to inflict heavy losses and a series of minor military victories on the far larger Allied armies as they drove towards Paris, though they captured the city and forced him to abdicate in 1814.
The Russian campaign, though, had revealed that Napoleon was not invincible, putting an end to his reputation as an undefeated military genius. Napoleon had foreseen what it would mean, so he fled back to France quickly before word of the disaster became widespread. Sensing this, and urged on by Prussian nationalists and Russian commanders, German nationalists revolted across the Confederation of the Rhine and Prussia. The decisive German campaign likely could not have occurred without the message the defeat in Russia sent to the rest of Europe.
See also
List of wars
List of invasions
War and Peace, Leo Tolstoy
1812 Overture: orchestra piece written by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to celebrate the 70th anniversary of Russian victory over the French.
General Confederation of Kingdom of Poland
Shneur Zalman of Liadi#Opposition to Napoleon and Support for the Tsar
Notes
^ a b Bogdanovich, “History of Patriotic War 1812″, Spt., 18591860, Appendix, pp. 492503.
^ Zamoyski, Introductory Note – p. XV-XX
^ Zamoyski, Introductory Note – p. XV-XVI
^ Fierro; Palluel-Guillard; Tulard, p. 159-161
^ Geisler, Michael E. National Symbols, Fractured Identities: Contesting the National Narrative. University Press of New England, 2005: pg. 107.
^ Riehn, Richard K, pp. 1020.
^ Riehn, Richard K, p. 25.
^ Reihn, Richard K, p. 24.
^ Dariusz Nawrot, Litwa i Napoleon w 1812 roku, Katowice 2008, pp. 58-59.
^ Riehn, Richard K, pp. 13840.
^ a b c Riehn, Richard K, p. 139.
^ Riehn, Richard K, pp. 13953.
^ Riehn, Richard K, p. 150.
^ Riehn, Richard K, p. 151.
^ Typhus in Russia, Montana University.
^ a b c d e f g h i Riehn, Richard K, p. 81.
^ according to the Landesmuseum in Westphalias former capital Kassel
^ Meyers Konversationslexikon 1888
^ See a large copy of the chart here: http://www.adept-plm.com/Newsletter/NapoleonsMarch.htm, but discussed at length in Edward Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information (London: Graphics Press, 1992)
^ Anthony James Joes. Continuity and Change in Guerrilla War: The Spanish and Afghan Cases, Journal of Conflict Sudies Vol. XVI No. 2, Fall 1997. Footnote 27, cites
Georges Lefebvre, Napoleon from Tilsit to Waterloo (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), vol. II, pp. 31112.
Felix Markham, Napoleon (New York: Mentor, 1963), pp. 190, 199.
James Marshall-Cornwall: Napoleon as Military Commander (London: Batsford, 1967), p. 220.
Eugene Tarle: Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia 1812 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1942), p. 397.
Richard K. Riehn See 1812: Napoleon’s Russian Campaign (New York: John Wiley, 1991), pp. 77 and 501
^ Zamoyski 2005, p. 536 note this includes deaths of prisoners during captivity
^ a b c Riehn, Richard K, p. 88.
^ a b Helmert/Usczek: Europische Befreiungskriege 1808 bis 1814/15, Berlin 1986
^ Riehn, Richard K, p. 159.
^ Riehn, Richard K, p. 160.
^ Riehn, Richard K, p. 163.
^ Riehn, Richard K, p. 164.
^ Riehn, Richard K, pp. 1601.
^ Riehn, Richard K, p. 162.
^ Riehn, Richard K, p. 166.
^ a b Riehn, Richard K, p. 167.
^ a b Riehn, Richard K, p. 168.
^ a b c Riehn, Richard K, p. 169.
^ a b c d e Riehn, Richard K, p. 170.
^ a b Riehn, Richard K, p. 171.
^ Reihn, Richard K, p. 172.
^ Reihn, Richard K, pp. 1745.
^ Reihn, Richard K, p. 176.
^ Reihn, Richard K, p. 179.
^ Reihn, Richard K, p. 180.
^ Reihn, Richard K, pp. 1824
^ Reihn, Richard K, p. 185.
^ George Nafziger, ‘Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia (1984) ISBN 0-88254-681-3
^ George Nafziger, “Rear services and foraging in the 1812 campaign: Reasons of Napoleon’s defeat” (Russian translation online)
^ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Bd. 26, Leipzig 1888
^ Zamoyski 2005, p.297.
^ The Wordsworth Pocket Encyclopedia, p. 17, Hertfordshire 1993.
^ Zamoyski 2004, p. 536.
^ Zamoyski 2004, p. 537.
^ “Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies”. US Army Command and General Staff College. http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Chew/CHEW.asp. Retrieved 2006-03-31.
^ 1812 ? (Did the cold exterminate the French army in 1812? Denis Vasilyevich Davidov in (Journal of partisan actions), part III
References
Books
Bogdanovich, Michael (1863). History of Patriotic War 1812. St. Petersburg. pp. 18591860. OCLC 25319830.
Connelly, Owen (1999). Blundering to Glory: Napoleon’s Military Campaigns (2nd ed.). Wilmington, DE: SR Books. ISBN 0842027807.
Marshall-Cornwall, James (1967). Napoleon as Military Commander. London: Batsford.
Nafziger, George (1984). Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia. New York, N.Y.: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0882546813.
Riehn, Richard K. (1991). 1812 Napoleon’s Russian Campaign. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0471543020.
Zamoyski, Adam (2004). Moscow 1812: Napoleon’s Fatal March. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0007123752.
Lieven, Dominic (2009). Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press. pp. 617.
Fierro, Alfred; Palluel-Guillard, Andr; Tulard, Jean (1995). Histoire et Dictionnaire du Consulat et de l’Empire. Paris: ditions Robert Laffont. pp. 1350. ISBN 2-221-05858-5.
Journals
Anthony, James Joes (1996). “Continuity and Change in Guerrilla War: The Spanish and Afghan Cases”. Journal of Conflict Sudies 16 (2). http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/JCS/article/view/4482/5262.
Nafziger, George. “Rear services and foraging in the 1812 campaign: Reasons of Napoleon’s defeat” (Russian translation online)
Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies. US Army Command and General Staff College.
Further reading
Books
David G. Chandler (2002). The Campaigns of Napoleon. Folio. ISBN 0-29-774830-0.
Denis Davidov (1999). In Service of the Tsar Against Napoleon, 18061814. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-373-0.
Edward Ryan (1999). Napoleon’s Elite Cavalry. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-371-4.
Heinrich von Brandt (1999). In the Legions of Napoleon; The Memoirs of a Polish Officer in Spain and Russia, 18081813. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-380-3.
Commodore Hornblower by C.S. Forester A fictional account of the siege of Riga on the Baltic by the French army and its allies.
Notes
External links
History of the Expedition to Russia Undertaken by the Emperor Napoleon in the Year 1812, by the count de Sgur (Gutenberg Project ebook)
Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia 1812 + color maps
Alternative version of Minard’s map (using modern country boundaries)
Alternative version of Minard’s map (zoomed-out, to show area in relationship to the rest of Europe)
French invasion of 1812, view from Russia
v d e
Armed Conflicts involving Russia (incl. Imperial and Soviet times)
Internal
Russian Civil War August Uprising Coup d’tat attempt (1991) 1993 Russian constitutional crisis First Chechen War Dagestan War Second Chechen War
External &
International
Russo-Swedish War (14951497) Russo-Crimean Wars Russo-Kazan Wars Livonian War Polishuscovite War (16051618) Smolensk War Russo-Polish War (16541667) Russo-Turkish War (16761681) Russo-Turkish War (16861700) Great Northern War Russo-Turkish War (17101711) Russo-Persian War (17221723) Russo-Turkish War (17351739) Seven Years’ War Russo-Turkish War (17681774) Bar Confederation Russo-Turkish War (17871792) Russo-Polish War (1792) Kociuszko Uprising Russo-Persian War (18041813) Russo-Turkish War (18061812) Napoleonic Wars Finnish War Russo-Persian War (18261828) November Uprising Crimean War January Uprising Russo-Turkish War (18771878) Boxer Rebellion Russo-Japanese War World War I Finnish Declaration of Independence Estonian War of Independence Latvian War of Independence Lithuanianoviet War Polishoviet War Red Army invasion of Georgia Winter War World War II Korean War Hungarian Uprising Eritrean War of Independence War of Attrition Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Sino-Soviet border conflict Vietnam War Ogaden War War in Afghanistan 2008 South Ossetia war
Related Articles
Military history of Russia Russian Winter Russian Revolution Cold War Sphere of influence
Categories: 19th-century conflicts | Conflicts in 1812 | Invasions | Napoleonic Wars | Wars involving Russia | Wars involving France | 19th century in Russia | 1812 in France | 1812 in Russia | Franceussia relations | Polishussian warsHidden categories: Articles containing Russian language text | Articles containing non-English language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008
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